The current progress in the study of signal transduction pathways has transformed the design of targeted therapy to a wide range of diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic diseases. Signal transduction pathways are the signaling pathways that mediate important cellular processes like growth, survival, differentiation, and metabolism. The malfunction of these pathways usually results in pathological states and as such, they are desirable targets in terms of therapeutic measures. Recent advances in the field of small molecule inhibitors, biologics, and gene therapies have made it possible to precisely adjust these pathways by providing superior and less toxic treatment alternatives to the traditional therapies. In this review, the author discusses the importance of the major signaling pathways in pathogenesis of disease and the potential prospects in targeted therapy of those pathways. We also discuss the limitations of targeting these pathways particularly off-target effects and drug resistance and possibilities of personalized medicine in the future when designing therapeutic approaches